Trends Affecting the Workforce Essay Sample free essay sample

Presentation These days a fruitful concern is based on strong development among segments and all the more essentially between a quick chief and his own. Regardless of the significance of the outside condition. it’s amazingly required to hold solid connections between every pioneer and his followings. since they speak to each segment of the association. Be that as it may. these representatives ought to be spurred in their work so as to work enthusiastically and give profound taking care of their endeavors. The expectation of this paper is to show the capacity of a quick manager and his impact on his crew. Findingss Each organization characterizes work in its ain way yet a few similitudes are essential for a worry to win. Truth be told. a specific whole of expertness is required for the pioneer and explicitly for the quick bosses to do their workers energetic in what they do. * Attract As a first measure. a prompt chief ought to request his crew to see the intriguing bit of their occupation then again of the rehashed employments they ordinarily face. We will compose a custom exposition test on Patterns Affecting the Workforce Essay Sample or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that your representatives are non keen on what they do there is no interest to accomplish them work no undertaking the amount you give them as a compensation. This implies the quick boss should pull his crew for delineation by passing on new plans to the working topographic point and adjust the inner condition all the more late. This way. your crew will be pulled in by the administration you’re chipping away at and will ever cause their best to better to their department’s results. * Retain Second. so as to keep up a five star hypothetical record of the organization. it’s fundamental that the prompt manager remembers as often as possible his crew and back up them whatever the fortunes are. Indeed. a representative ought to ever be remunerated for all the endeavor that he accomplishes for an organization and for each additional work that he offers. This implies. it’s the quick supervisor’s occupation to take consideration of his workers and do sure that they are obtaining a liberal pay regardless of whether they submit mistakes now and again. In add-on. the manager should pull off to keep up a decent domain in the hands on topographic point to keep up a community oriented feeling between the representatives. * Develop - Group instructing A prompt manager should pull off to keep up a gathering soul which means accomplish his representatives cooperate joined as a crew. He ought to be a decent indicator. he should be capable of rescuing and decoding delicate informations. cognizing things and maintain trip sources of income without being told. He ought to cognize whether connections are working or non between his representatives. Moreover. the prompt administrator ought to ever pass on new considerations so as to elevate the results in his area. * Motivate One of the a large portion of import elements of a prompt boss is to impel and advance his crew. Truth be told. he should practice extreme compassion. open up to his workers. which means giving them what they need non what they need. In add-on he should demo worry for his crew and figure out how to keep up them amazingly propelled in what they do. At long last. he should get off through an alone assault so as to do them comfortable in pass oning in gatherings Drumhead The particular inward development of each organization provides for the quick manager an of import work in pulling. holding. creating. what's more, in the long run activating his crew. Nonetheless. he needs to demo an alone character that will do him win in working with his crew. In the event that you have any request sing the data study. you can make me at my office 2. 66 development B. or then again by telephone 514 777 8787 ext. :667.

How to Convert Kelvin to Fahrenheit

Step by step instructions to Convert Kelvin to Fahrenheit Kelvin and Fahrenheit are two significant temperature scales. Kelvin is a standard measurement scale, with a degree a similar size as the Celsius degree however with its zero point at outright zero. Fahrenheit is the temperature most regularly utilized in the United States. Luckily, its easy to change over between the two scales, giving you know the condition. Kelvin to Fahrenheit Conversion Formula Here is the recipe to change over Kelvin to Fahrenheit:  ° F 9/5(K - 273) 32 or on the other hand you may see the condition utilizing increasingly noteworthy figures as:  ° F 9/5(K - 273.15) 32 or on the other hand  ° F 1.8(K - 273) 32 You can utilize whichever condition you like. It is anything but difficult to change over Kelvin to Fahrenheit with these four stages. Take away 273.15 from your Kelvin temperatureMultiply this number by 1.8 (this is the decimal estimation of 9/5).Add 32 to this number. Your answer will be the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Kelvin to Fahrenheit Conversion Example Lets attempt an example issue, changing over room temperature in Kelvin to degrees Fahrenheit. Room temperature is 293K. Start with the condition (I picked the one with less huge figures):  ° F 9/5(K - 273) 32 Plug in the incentive for Kelvin: F 9/5(293 - 273) 32 Figuring it out: F 9/5(20) 32F 36 32F 68 Fahrenheit is communicated utilizing degrees, so the appropriate response is that room temperature is 68â ° F. Fahrenheit to Kelvin Conversion Example Lets attempt the transformation the other way. For instance, say you need to change over human internal heat level, 98.6â ° F, into its Kelvin equal. You can utilize a similar condition: F 9/5(K - 273) 3298.6 9/5(K - 273) 32 Take away 32 from the two sides to get:66.6 9/5(K - 273) Increase 9/5 times the qualities inside the bracket to get:66.6 9/5K - 491.4 Get the variable (K) on one side of the condition. I decided to take away (- 491.4) from the two sides of the condition, which is equivalent to adding 491.4 to 66.6:558 9/5K Duplicate the two sides of the condition by 5 to get:2,790 9K At long last, isolate the two sides of the condition by 9 to find the solution in K:310 K In this way, human internal heat level in Kelvin is 310 K. Keep in mind, Kelvin temperature isn't communicated utilizing degrees, only a capital letter K. Note: You could have utilized another type of the condition, essentially revamped to understand for the Fahrenheit to Kelvin change: K 5/9(F - 32) 273.15 which is fundamentally equivalent to stating Kelvin rises to the Celsius esteem in addition to 273.15. Make sure to check your work. The main temperature where the Kelvin and Fahrenheit qualities will be equivalent is at 574.25. More Conversions For additional changes, see these points: The most effective method to Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are two other significant temperature scales.How to Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: Use these when you have to change over Fahrenheit to the metric system.How to Convert Celsius to Kelvin: Both scales have a similar size of degree, so this transformation is super easy!How to Convert Kelvin to Celsius: This is a typical temperature change in science.

Good Essay Structures Samples - Writing the Essay From Scratch

Good Essay Structures Samples - Writing the Essay From ScratchGood essay structures samples are often difficult to find and locate. The easiest way to locate good essay structures samples is to search the Internet. By searching the Internet you will be able to find many different places to look and find some good essay structures samples. One of the best ways to look for good essay structures samples is to use the online resources of the Internet.There are a lot of search engines that can be used to find good essay structures samples. The easiest and fastest way to use the search engines is to type the keyword essay structures samples into the search box and press enter. If the search engine returns a number of results, then all that needs to be done is to sort through the results until you find the one that you are looking for. The best essay structure examples will be located within the first ten results that the search engine returned.After you have found a few good essays samples , then it is time to sort through the results to find the ones that you are interested in. Once you have sorted through the results, then it is time to take the best essay structure samples and put them to use. You can begin by putting the essay samples to work on your college paper. The good essay structures examples can be adapted to make the essay structure of your choice.One of the easiest ways to begin to incorporate the essay structure of the good essay structures samples into your college essay is to use them as the foundation for the whole essay. There are several tips that you can use when you begin to construct your first paragraph. First of all, the structure of the good essay structures samples should be aligned with the main body of the essay.Second, you should start the essay from the beginning using the good structure examples. Third, if you are at all concerned about how to incorporate the good essay structures samples into your writing, then you should emphasize in your first paragraph that the example is to be used in conjunction with the main body of the essay. This helps to show that the writer is not just copying the essay structure as he or she goes along. It also helps to show that the writer is trying to find another way to express the idea that the essay structure of the good essay structures samples provides.To emphasize this last point, think about the many essay topics where the essay topic is presented in an article format. Although the thesis statement of the essay is also presented in this article format, there is no need to follow the structure provided by the essay examples. Once you have put your title in the first paragraph and your introduction in the second paragraph, then the reader will naturally feel that you are providing a more complete solution to the problem that you are addressing.The idea of following the structure of the essay structure that is provided by the good essay structures samples will have you writing fe wer paragraphs, thus cutting down on the number of words that you need to use in the essay. The idea of following the good essay structures samples will also allow you to present the idea in the first paragraph in the form of a question. Thus, you will find that the reader can focus on the answer to the question rather than on the idea that you are attempting to express.If you use the tips that are provided in this article, then you will soon be showing the readers of your essay that you are using the essay structure as a tool for expression rather than as a rigidly written outline. The idea of doing this will also allow you to spend less time on writing and more time actually writing the essay. The better essay structure samples that you use, the more completed the essays will be.

Project Management, Perspective, Planning and Implementation

Question 1 The biggest challenge for the project manager is to develop an integrated planning and control tool. Critically discuss this statement with the aid of practical examples. To develop an integrated planning and control tool is the biggest challenge for a Project Manager because of many uncertainties in any project. One of the most vital issues is ensuring that all the planning steps are adhered to, namely, the Project Charter; Feasibility Study; Scope Management; Build Method; Execution Strategy; Work Breakdown Structure; Organisational Breakdown Structure; Critical Path Method; Schedule Barchart; Procurement Schedule; Resource Histogram; Budgets and Cash flow; Communication, Project Quality, Risk Management and Baseline Plan.†¦show more content†¦Establishing the project organisation and defining the specific activities to be performed would be the next steps. The need to establish the role players that have been specially set up as a part of the project team and the person responsible for performing the work would be ideal. As per Rory Burke â€Å" The integration of the project team and the company departments is often through a matrix str ucture where the project team overlays the company’s hierarchal structure. Achieving buy in by all the stakeholders is critical for the project to be successful.† This was the main cause for failure of the SANRAL e-tolling project. The next step would be to graphically display the activities of the project in the form of a Network diagram. The purpose of the network diagram is to display logical relationships among the various activities that take place within a project. It also allows the project manager to see how the numerous activities course towards conclusion of the project in a chronological order. It provides an overview as to how resources are used in a project for a certain period of time which could help the project manager toShow MoreRelatedErp at Hp1504 Words   |  7 PagesALOK KUMAR GUPTA Enrollment No. 6010091106380 ERP IMPLEMENTATION FAILURE AT HP (ITYS045) a. Analyze the limitation of IT project management. Discuss the importance of business contingency plans for enterprise projects. Justify your answer taking the example of HP b. Examine the implementation of the ERP migration failure considering HP’s role as a third party implementer of SAP’s supply chain solutions. Can HP use this ERP implementation failure to its strategic advantage? Why / why not? GiveRead MoreThe Kotter s Model Of Change Management880 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of change management in a corporation. Change management is an important aspect applicable to any organization. It entails the technology employed to effect change in an organization. There are many models of change management; however, this paper focuses on the Kotter’s model of change management. The Kotter’s model of change management dictates that the change leader use eight steps to effect change in the organization. The research paper seeks to broaden the reader’s perspective on the Kotter’sRead MoreCritical Factors Of Erp Implementations1050 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Factors of ERP Implementations: Two Cases from Saudi Arabia Abstract Seven categories of critical success factors were identified from the ERP literature: â€Å"business plan and vision†; â€Å"change management†; â€Å"communication†; â€Å"ERP team composition, skills and compensation†; â€Å"top management support and championship†; â€Å"project management† and â€Å"system analysis, selection and technical implementation†. In this paper, a case study of two organizations in Saudi Arabia has been conducted, both organizationsRead MoreImplementation Of An Information Security Project1592 Words   |  7 PagesINFORMATION SECURITY Implementation of an information security project takes more time, effort and communication in security systems development life cycle (SecSDLC). In this phase, an information security blueprint is executed and accomplished by changing the configuration and operations of the organization. The change in procedures, people, hardware, software and data can provide more security. During implementation phase, the blueprint turns into project plan. The project plan implements the securityRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management973 Words   |  4 PagesSupply Chain Management is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers. It is related with efficiency of a company’s supply, the goal of SCM is, to reduce cost caused by bullwhip effect, or other dummy cost in supply chain. What Lead to the implementation of SCM ? Samsung Electronics entered the world marketplace as a small consumer electronics company. Soon the IT related markets were growingRead MoreDiversity and Avoiding Conflict Pm 5821086 Words   |  5 Pages2004). With this project spearheading the merger between two conglomerate companies, the creation a new system for faster teller performance is imperative to complete successfully. Upon completion of this project, advertising will generate more customers. The efficiency specifically focused on fewer errors when performing transactions, decreasing fraud, and minimizing wait times for the consumer. Chase/Bank One System Merger Project The new system is considered a project rather than day-to-dayRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act And Its Corresponding Implementation Of The United States Of America Government s Healthcare Marketplace1611 Words   |  7 Pagesincomplete implementation of the United States of America government’s healthcare marketplace (Healthcare.gov) has been highly publicized and deliberated since before its launch in October 2013. Several researchers have sought to provide possible responses and reasoning as to why the implementation of the project did not finish as expected. Factors contributing to the unsuccessful launch of the software has been attributed to problems with project management, staffing, implementation and technologyRead MoreNovartis Case Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pageslinkages, if any, to Novartis’ HR corporate strategies. Defend your perspective with a brief rationale. Write new organizational or HR strategic goals, as required. Ans. Outline of the situation and primary points/issues presented in the case: 1. Significant priority of the company was to implement a firm wide HRIS that would convert many of transaction-based HR core processes to an internet-based system. 2. HRIS project was an integral part of Novartis long term strategy for improving overallRead MoreSuitability of Project Management with Organisational Change Initiatives1106 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿I agree that project based management is ideally suited to organizational change. Projects produce change and their management technique is undertaken to achieved a specified outcomes that requires commitment of skills and resources (Stuckenbruck,1981). Meanwhile, change management is best described by Parker (2013) as a planned process of transitioning from one state to another through a sequence steps with a focus on generating the acceptance from individuals undergoing the change. The similarityRead MoreUnderstanding The Principles Of Strategic Planning1438 Words   |  6 Pages. Understand the principles of strategic planning 1.1 Evaluate a range of strategic planning models When evaluating a strategic plan models, we should first consider the meaning of strategic planning. Strategic planning is when an organisation has a long term project, in between a year or two and this will involve the entire organisation workers to bring ideas together and look into each contributions before working on the plans, and this can be break down in three to four faces in other too be

An Investigation Into the Media Representation of Gender...

An investigation into the media representation of gender in sport. There have been many studies and investigations into the different types and intensity of the media coverage in sport involving both sexes. This investigation will look at previous studies and reports carried out by researchers to discover why different genders receive different media attention in sport, and to see whether this has an adverse effect on other issues such as participation. It is a clear fact that men receive much more media attention and coverage than women in most sporting events. To support this statement Boutiller and San-Giovanni (1983) report shows that there is very little newspaper coverage (text or photos) of women sports.†¦show more content†¦This may lead to the assumption that because women are receiving more media interest, this has lead to the rising number of women participating in sport. Despite this assumption, it is clear that in todays society and sporting world, women are receiving considerably more media attention than they did in the past. However it also remains true that men still maintain much larger presence in the media than women. References. Asch, A., and Fine, M. (1997). Nurturance, sexuality and women with disabilities: the example of women and literature. In L.J. Davids (Ed.), the disabilities studies reader (pp.241-259). New York: Routledge. Hargreaves, J. (1994). Feminity or ‘masculinity? Changing images of females sports. In J. Hargreaves (Ed.), sporting females: critical issues in the history and sociology of women sports. London: Roultledge. Longman, J. (1999, July 12). Womens world cup: day in the sun for the girls of summer after a riveting championship run. New York Times, P.D1. Low, J., and Sherrard, P. (1999). Portrayal of women in sexuality and marriage and family textbooks: A content analysis of photographs from the 1970s to the 1990s. Sex roles, 40 (3/4), 309-318. Markovits, A.S., and Hellerman, S.C. (2001). Offside: soccer and American exceptionalism. Princeton: Princeton university press. Matteo, S. (1986). The effects of sex and gender- schematic processingShow MoreRelatedEssay about Americas Obsession With Sports2251 Words   |  10 Pagesancient times to modern day, sports have always been a part of the makeup of our society. Beginning with the Native American sportsmen â€Å"who competed for religious, medicinal, and gambling purposes† sports of old and new have continued to change and evolve in our society’s culture (â€Å"Sports†). Sports over the years have advanced and changed both in positive and in controversial ways, not only in its rules but in the attention paid to it by society. Increasingly, sports have become a common factorRead MoreJournalism And Culture Of Journalism1572 Words   |  7 Pagesfragments of broader cultures. To substantiate these claims, three overarching topics will be addressed. 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Both genders are subject to these stereoty pes, where they are expected not only to accept them, but act within them, whichRead MoreRethinking the Color Line: Larger Issues of Races and Racism Reflected By Romance1727 Words   |  7 Pagesfor distinct cultural representation with their own preference imposed on American cultural mix. Part B: Influence of Cultural Attitudes towards Romance On Race And Racism Cultural preferences are mainly responsible for driving other social needs and attitudes. It is ones cultural background which acts a compass in providing direction to ones decisions and preferences. As per the work of Rendell L. Kennedy in Gallaghers compilation, one can evaluate the impact of media and politics in amendingRead MoreThe Impact Of Journalism On Culture And Culture2082 Words   |  9 Pagesonly fragments of a broader culture. To substantiate these claims, three overarching topics will be addressed. Firstly, examinations of culture, sub-culture, and hegemony will occur, contextualising issues. Thereafter, focus will switch to media representations of women. In doing so, women as both journalists and sources will be analysed, demonstrating stereotypical and victimising frameworks used to represent women, which effectively precludes female participation in broader cultural debate. TheseRead MoreThe Construction of Amanda Knox as an Other Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesimbuing a society’s members with aversions to subversive behaviour and by focusing resentment and blame on those who defy such institutions. Knox’s construction as an â€Å"Other† was mainly established in relation to the femininity, or lack thereof. Media coverage on the Amanda Knox case and the prosecution’s version of events were viewed almost exclusively through the prism of Knox’s looks and sexuality, as well her propensity for masculine behaviour. It has been noted that Knox was not viewed as aRead MoreGender Inequality During The United States1971 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Paper 3 March 2016 Gender Inequality in the U.S. For years, women have been viewed as weak, indecisive, and subjective. Women have become more empowered since their suffrage and earning their rights. Although, they have their rights, women are not equal to men in today’s society because of unequal pay and discrimination. The pay between the two gender in recent college graduates and stabilized jobs opt towards males. Women are discriminated in sports, entertainment , and politicsRead MoreFemale Athlete s Or Soft Porn Stars?2101 Words   |  9 Pagesto slowly break the barrier between males and females, there is still a strong presences of this barrier in sports. First, women were not treated equal until Title IX was created. Title IX has been a monumental aspect of integrating women into sports, specifically at the high school and college levels for the past 42 years (Womens Sports). Since Title IX has allowed females to play sports at these amateur levels, it has helped teach women to believe in their abilities. It has also pushed female athletesRead MoreJournalism And Culture Are Inextricably Related, Cultural, Political, And Financial Factors2140 Words   |  9 Pagescontextualising issues. To comprehend journalism’s relationship with culture, one must first understand what ‘culture’ denotes. Thereafter, focus will switch to media representations of women. In doing so, women as both journalists and sources will be analysed, demonstrating stereotypical and victimising frameworks used to represent females in media coverage. These theories will be exemplified with examples from mainstream news, before discussing the issue’s circular and endemic nature. Finally, governmentalRead MoreSexual Assault And Harassment Incidents Essay1877 Words   |  8 Pagesphysical conduct of a sexual nature† (Sexual Assault vs. Sexual Harassment). Examples of sexual harassment would include cat calling, touching or staring at inappropriate spots such as someone’s chest or butt ocks area, sexual gestures, and sexual media or content such as pictures. As of right now there is no legal definition of sexual assault. It is a term that can be defined differently from state to state and court to court. However, each year the Department of Defense puts out yearly sexual assault

The Lord Of The Rings - 1736 Words

The Lord Of The Rings The story began as a consequence to Tolkien s 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually improved into a much larger employment. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is the second pick-selling surprising ever written, with over 150 million carbon copy sold. The Lord of the Rings is an epopoeia exalted-imagination recent written by English subcreator J. The toil was initially intended by Tolkien to be one roll of a two-volume put, the other to be The Silmarillion, but this idea was dismission by his publisher. For economic reasons The Lord of the Rings was proclaim in three volumes over the passage of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. The three volumes were titled The†¦show more content†¦The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted rhythmical times and interpret into 38 languages. Tolkien s duty has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins. The Lord of the Rings in its turn is considered to have had a great effect on recent fantasy; the impact of Tolkien s product is such that the use of the words Tolkienian and Tolkienesque have been recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary. The enduring popularity of The Lord of the Rings has led to man references in popular educate, the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien s manufacture, and the divulgation of many packet concerning Tolkien and his manufacture. The Lord of the Rings has inspired, and continues to breathe, artwork, descant, nebula and plebvision, video games, and subsequent literature. Award-attracting adaptations of The Lord of the Rings have been made for radio, theatre, and film. In 2003, it was named Britain s pick-lief surprising of all time in the BBC s The Big Read. Thousands of donkey’s before the events of the novelty, the Dark Lord Sauron had fake the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power and corrupt those who wear them: the leaders of Men, Elves and Dwarves. He was inferior confute in battle by an alliance of Elves and Men led by Elendil and Gil-galad. Isildur, a rule of Men, cut the One Ring from Sauron s finger, assert it as an heirloom for his line, and Sauron squandered his medicinal figure. When Isildur was

Grand Canyon Essay Example For Students

Grand Canyon Essay Grand Canyon National Park was established in 1919. Located in northern Arizona, the park contains the world-famous Grand Canyon of the Colorado River and includes the rivers entire course from the southern end of Glen Canyon to the eastern boundary of Lake Mead (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). The great chasm has a maximum width of 18 mi. within the park, and it is more than 5000 ft. deep (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). The northern rim of the canyon is on the average about 1200 ft. higher than the southern rim. Paved roads wind around the rims of the Grand Canyon, and trails descend into the canyon, although only one of them, the Kaibab Trail, crosses the gorge from rim to rim (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). If the park would be there today then there would be four distinct zones of climate and plant life extinct. These four regions are very important to our wildlife and I would not want to see them disappear. Dense forests of aspen, pine, fir, and spruce grow on the colder northern rim, and the southern rim is sparsely covered with pion and juniper (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). Wildlife includes deer, antelope, cougar, and mountain sheep. All the historic landmarks of Native Americans, who at one time lived in the Grand Canyon, would be ruined if the park wasnt there. Prehistoric Native American groups lived in the canyon and on its rims; ruins of pueblos and cliff dwellings remain. The park is bordered on the south by the reservation of the Havasupai people (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). If the park was not there then the Havasupai peoples land would probably be commercial land. In 1975 the park was nearly doubled in size by the inclusion of Grand Canyon National Monument and Marble Canyon National Monument and portions of Glen Canyon and Lake Mead national recreation areas (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). How could you think of getting rid of a park that has come so far and has doubled its size. The effects of tourism and federal water management policies led the government to take steps to protect the canyons environment during the 1990s. In March 1996 a controlled flood through Glen Canyon Dam was generated as a way to re-create natural spring flooding through the canyon. The results of this led to a new water-management plan (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). This plan of flooding is to restore the canyons natural ecosystems, which had been changed by the construction of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). There is no reason to get rid of this park if the government even puts our tax dollars into restoring it. The park is made up of 1,217,158 acres of unique beautiful land. There is no possible good reason for getting rid of the park. We need to save the park for the sake of the land, wildlife, and tourist who have not yet seen this beautiful wonder. Bibliography:

Teamwork

Introduction Teamwork is a very important and relevant contributor to the success of any business around the world and this is why top business executives are paid a lot of money to utilize the skills of teams and make important business decisions that are critical to business performance (Brayden, Teppo Whetten 2010, 1-20).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teamwork specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of an organization does not only depend on how good a team leader is but also how good the various teams that consist of employees are able to come together and integrate their skills and talent for the benefit of their organization. The success or failure of a business usually depends on how good employees who are part of a team are able to come together develop ideas play their part and additionally how good managers or organizational leaders are able to make quick and relevant decisions resulting from th e input of the team to increase positive outcome (Taylor, 2010). Today’s business environment is very volatile and therefore it is imperative that both leadership and employees work together hand in hand in order to ensure that organization can successfully peruse their mission and vision while at the same time compete with other competing companies. Thus, by acknowledging and building consensus that business environment is highly dynamic and volatile, it demands organizational leaders to come up with mechanisms that allow the company to quickly embrace change and this is attained by dividing the staff into teams and assigning them duties that will ensure that decision making capability of leaders is maximized (Shah 2008). New trends emerge in the business world and may either present themselves as either problems or opportunities depending on how personnel within the organization respond. From that rationale, the creation of value and satisfaction, which consumers demand end up pushing companies to develop strategies that govern their marketing mix and overall business strategy and go a step further to create general corporate strategies that will preside over their whole business processes to make sure they succeed in today’s fickle business ambiance (Campbell, Stonehouse Huston 2002, 177-184).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Trends should not be seen as not threats but rather frontiers of new business possibilities and it is the duty of organizational leaders and their staff to work together as a team to make decision making for managers more certain and free of risk. It is with the same intent that the manager intended to use the help of his team to launch a new division that manufactures liquid soap brands for the market by using the potential of the entire team and the rational decision making process to make critical marketing bus iness decision. The liquid soap division will consist of brands that will cater to the needs of consumers who require liquid soap for both the kitchen and bathroom. Decision making approaches and impact on strategy A participatory approach was used and the entire the team was required to fully participate by being part of the problem solving process but the last decision was left to the team leader/manager to carry out (Jones 2010, 44). Such a technique of team work and decision making is known as consensus building whereby subordinates who are part of a team come up with multiple ideas and discuss their viability together with the team leader but leave the last decision to the team leader. The way in which groups interact whether informal or formal will obviously impinge on the way a business functions and the way strategic choices are made in both the short and long-run. Successful companies like Google and Apple focus their development efforts by encouraging groups and teams to b rainstorm and develop ideas that form a basis for the decisions which are made by top management (Koontz Weihrich 2009, 58). Following this premise, the companies have adopted quite aggressive business models because managers are able to make quick decisions simply because the groups usually supply them with all relevant knowledge and information that allows the managers to quickly evaluate the pros and cons of each strategic choice to choose the best action. It is as a consequence true to assert that the way groups and managers interact and the different approaches of making decisions within organizations can ultimately affect the future of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teamwork specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketing companies, for example are required to be quite flexible due to the volatile nature of consumers and competitors and thus, this is why many marketing companies have their st aff working in groups simply because the conception of ideas and the need for quick decision making is quite critical for the success of a company in the market. According to Kotler and Keller (2011, 144), the most important aspect of teamwork and decision making in a marketing environment is simply to ensure that all decisions and team work efforts are made with the consumer on mind. Additionally, it is important that there is a very clear channel of communication between the team members to ensure that each member is up to speed and is armed with relevant information. The consumers are the pivot of all decisions and ideas that a business comes up with in the course of doing business. Keeping this aspect in mind, the team leader ensured that the team clearly knew that the customer is the goal and the main criteria of measuring how effective the teams efforts and decision making process was (Jones 2010, 135). This is whereby the team leader empowers his team to use their knowledge, skills and talent to in order to gather factual options that will assist in the decision making process. When employees explain all their options and contingent plans, the team leader him/herself is then expected to use his managerial skills to choose the best option that emanates from the output of his/her team. Considering that the company division is a newly born venture it is necessary for the team leader to be vigilant and aggressive to ensure that the whole team’s shares one vision and that the expectations of the entire team are in tandem with that of the team leader and the organizations corporate, business and functional goals. The advantages associated with participatory type of teamwork approach is that the organization and the manager can collect many ideas and develop many strategic options that are likely to increase positive outcome within the organization. Additionally the process of decision making is made simpler by the fact that consensus building takes pla ce prior to the final decision being made.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Team Working approaches and impact on strategy A participatory approach was used and the entire the team was required to fully participate by being part of the problem solving process, According to Buchanan and Huczynski (2010, 131), it is vital that a team leader ensures that the vision of the entire organization is clearly known by the entire team/staff from the initial stage because any ambiguity may become a future source of conflict and discomfort amongst the team members in the future and may henceforth compromise the chances of success for the new division and affect the decision making process. Consumers are driven by needs, wants and desires and hence their consuming behavior can be attributed to these. Companies that define consumer needs and motives with a high degree of accuracy usually end up being the market leaders and enjoy a huge market share and revenue streams (Michael, Yasemin Joseph 2009, 123). Managers are often aware of how important consumer motives are and therefore ensure that their brightest minds who make up the team come together and create ideas that will further the performance of the company. Being the team leader, communication was made clear that all other team members collectively come together so that the process of problem identification and problem solving can start using the rational decision making process. The rational decision making process is a problem solving technique that allows managers and the respective teams to carefully and sequentially make decisions based on facts that present themselves as a result of the problem solving process (Koontz Weihrich 2009 69). Business executives in working with the leading companies are usually trained to use logic and facts in the process of making decisions by identifying problems and opportunities and creating multiple solutions/strategies to tackle the problem. Managers/ team leaders thereby use the rational decision model to reduce the number of risks and uncertainty be cause this process is highly factual and logical in nature. Figure 1: The Steps involved in the Rational Decision making process. By bringing together the skills and talents of all individuals of the team, the team leader expected that it would be possible for the team to create a good marketing strategy that would allow the new company to effectively price, place, and promote its products to compete with other existing companies (David, Cindy Masco 2008, 5). As a result, the five members of the team were each assigned to deal with each facet of marketing and gather relevant intelligence on pricing, product, and promotion and distribution trends of related liquid sap product within the industry. The data that would result from this process would prove crucial in the rational decision making process. The launch of a new product is not easy at all and for new products/ new divisions to succeed in selling products as soon as they enter the market it is important for the managers and their teams to ensure that all relevant data is gathered. Knowing this the team was to gather competitive intelligence that would be used to finalize the marketing mix of the new liquid soap. With the task of each and every team member already clarified the group was given a time frame of one week to bring back their feedback. Every suggestion of product design, price, placing and promotion strategy was to be backed by tangible evidence of pros and cons to justify why team members so it as the best alternative. This will therefore require every team member to identify problems and opportunities that present themselves, gather all the relevant data pertaining to either the problem or opportunity, critically analyze the volume of information that was gathered and then using the information to develop options that are most suitable. According to Kotler and Keller (2006, 415), it is important for business executives to create numerous options so that management can make more informed ch oices. After the numerous options are made the rational decision making process requires that the numerous options that were developed are analyzed and that actions which are weak or unsuitable are filtered and eliminated. It is at this process the managers/team leader to become an effective decision maker and use his/her skills to choose the best decision. The team was required to sit together and analyze the various options but this process was slowed down due to the fact that one team member left the tem before she had a chance to finish carrying out her research on pricing. Being an effective team leader the team leader quickly decided to split the remaining task of gathering pricing data from the market. As soon as all the relevant data was gathered, each group member was required to analyze data clearly explain the implications of the data which was collected. According to Buchanan and Huczynski (2010, 122), it is the duty of the team to bring to the table all alternate option s and ensure that there is full disclosure of facts so that the team leader can make the relevant decisions. The team, therefore went ahead and shared information and data which they gathered and presented to the team leader all the relevant data necessary for creating marketing mix for the brands falling under the liquid soap division. The entire problem solving process took the team one whole week and the team presented multiple solutions to the team leader and consensus building took place but the final decision making process was left to the manager. Effectiveness of the team The team’s effectiveness is highly commendable because each and every member of the team was in tandem with the vision of the division at the beginning of the practice. With the vision of the division in mind, the team operated with utmost openness and trust that was enabled by clear lines of communication (Lancaster Withey 2006, 94). Decision making at the lower level was left to the team members t hemselves thus saving time, the ability to meet regularly in the one week during afternoons made it possible to analyze the data gathered by the team members. It is at these sessions that all team members communicated and exchanged notes making every team member fully aware of the facts and relevant information in respect to the whole project and with every team member well informed it was easier to brief the manager (Koontz Weihrich 2009, 73). The level of skill and talent together with operation of the team is also commendable because the competitor intelligence which they gathered made it quite simple to compare currently existing liquid soap brands overall industry trends and thus use it in the final marketing mix of the brands that were to be developed by our new division. In summary the company’s brands will be better designed and packaged, priced, promoted and distributed to compete with the current market leader. The only shortcoming of the team is that the level of competition and hostility between the members trying to outshine each other got on the way of achieving the mission but after the leader made it clear that such behavior is injurious to the group and not appropriate the team members apologized to each other. Conclusion Team work is a very important aspect in organization for the reason that organizational output depends on talent, skills and knowledge of the staff. The output of teams usually contributes to the quality of decisions that managers make. If a team is ineffective in operation then most probably a manager will have fewer facts to support the kind of decisions that he/she makes. When poor decisions are made then this may affect future revenue streams, market share, costs and efficiency of the organization. â€Å"A team-leader is someone who steps back from the entire system and tries to build a more collaborative, more innovative team that will work over the long term.† – Robert B. Reich American Politician and Writer The above statement suggest the synergy that managers can create by using more collaborative and participatory approaches that are rational to work together with teams to guide their decision making process. References Brayden, K. G., Teppo, F. Whetten D. A., 2010. â€Å"Perspective—Finding the Organization in Organizational Theory: A Meta-Theory of the Organization as a Social Actor.† Journal of organization science volume 21 issue 1, 1-20. Buchanan, D. A. Huczynski, A. A., 2010. Organizational Behavior 7th ed. New York: Trans-Atlantic Publications. Campbell, D., Stonehouse, G. Huston, B., 2002. Business Strategy an Introduction 2nd edn. Linacre House, Banbury Rd: Butterworth-Heinemann. Charles, W. et al., 2002. Essentials of Marketing. Natorp Boulevard: South Western Cengage Learning. David, A. J., Cindy F. R., Masco, C. J., 2008. â€Å"Personality predictors of teamwork behaviors and decision-making style.† Review of Business Research, 1-5. Jon es, G., 2010. Organizational theory, design, and change. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Koontz, H. Weihrich, H., 2009. Essence of Management an International Perspective. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. Kotler, P. Keller, K., 2011. Marketing Management 13th edn. New York: Prentice Hall. Lancaster, G. Withey, F., 2006. Marketing Fundamentals. London: Butterworth-Heimann. Michael P. L., Yasemin K.Y. Joseph M. T., 2009. â€Å"A theory of change in turbulent environments: the sequencing of dynamic capabilities following industry deregulation.† International Journal of Strategic Management, Volume 1, Number 3, 186-211. Shah. K., 2008. â€Å"Decision Making.† Submityourarticle.com. Web. Taylor, J.T., 2010. â€Å"Making effective decisions.† Team building USA. Retireved from http://www.teambuildingusa.com/articles/making-effective-decisions/ This essay on Teamwork was written and submitted by user Desmond Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Depletion of Ozone Layer

Depletion of Ozone Layer Free Online Research Papers Ozone is one of the vital components of the atmosphere. It is a tri-atomic oxygen and along with mono-atomic oxygen is more pre-dominant in the upper atmosphere where ozone shields the earth from the suns ultraviolet radiation and water vapor molecules are split by sunlight into hydrogen gas and oxygen atoms.Ozone evolves from oxygen.Although ozone represents oxygen in many respects, ozone and oxygen have their own individual characteristics. Ozone is 1.5 times as dense as oxygen. At -112 degree celsius, ozone condenses to a dark blue liquid. It freezes at -251 degree celsius. On the other hand, oxygen is a pale blue gas liquid below -103 degree celsius. It becomes solid at about -210 degree celsius. Ozone becomes solid at about -218 degree celsius. It is 1.1 times heavier than air. Ozone is a simple molecule composed of three oxygen atoms. It is present to a variable extent in the earths atmosphere. It is actually found in the stratosphere, the upper layer of the atmosphere. the world wide layer of ozone is of great significance to every living form on planet earth. It functions mainly as a shield, protecting all forms of life from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun. It has the capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation emitted by the mighty sun to a wavelength of about three hundred twenty nanometers. Three hundred nanometers is equivalent to three hundred twenty times ten raised to negative nine in meters. Ultraviolet wavelength of two hundred to three hundred nanometers, known as ultraviolet-B (UV-B), are more or less totally absorbed by the ozone layer. The ozone, an efficvient absorber and filter, also transmits visible light. Ultraviolet radiation is characterized by high quantum energy. This is the reason why its power in other chemical reaction is stronger compared to that of infrared radiation. Due to its quantum energy, the boilogical effects of ultraviolet radiation are strong. If ultraviolet radiation penetrates rhe earths surface, it would act as a strong sterilizer and may result in the destruction of various life forms. Indeed, the effects of this radiation are detrimental to living things. But there is the ozone layer which serves as a vital and efficient protective shield of life on earth. The ozone facilitates the maintenance of a more uniform surface temperature. It allows light rays from the sun to pass through. But it does not allow the generated heat rays to escape. It really does play a serious role in regulating the earths temperature. With a uniform temperature, the ecosystem is kept in balance with nature. The mutual interdependence among organisms is kept in accordance with the laws of nature. Research Papers on Depletion of Ozone LayerAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnGenetic EngineeringThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Quantitative Methods for Social Health Research Essay - 2

Quantitative Methods for Social Health Research - Essay Example As the essay declares  cigarette smoking has negative implication on the health of a person. Nevertheless, despite being aware of the effects of smoking, finds it hard to quit the habit. Governments have devised mechanisms of minimizing the amount of cigarette smoked with several measures including plain packaging of cigarette. Plain packaging of tobacco is a packaging that requires removal of all branding and only requires the manufacturer to print a brand name in mandated size in addition to a health warning to help in drawing the smokers’ attention more to the health warning. In relation to the 2010 statistical figures by Australian institute of health and welfare 2010, there is a significant reduction in daily smoking by 15% since 2007. However, it is still necessary to understand the impact of plain packaging of cigarette on the smoking habits to specific groups like the international students.This paper stresses that  the influence of plain cigarette packaging depend s on the smoking level of a person. For an addict, plain packaging has a little impact while, for a starter, the packaging would draw attention to the health warning.  A randomized controlled trials experimental study found that branding has a significant influence on the development of a smoking habit.  The smokers avoided all health warnings, while occasional smokers paid more attention to plain packs than those on the branded ones. The findings indicate that plain packaging of cigarette attracts more attention to the health warning than those of the branded ones, thus can influence the smoking habit.

Discussion GMOs in Producing Food, Bioaccumulation, Green Revolution Assignment

Discussion GMOs in Producing Food, Bioaccumulation, Green Revolution and Slow Food Movement - Assignment Example The role of genetically engineered foods in alleviating the world’s food insecurity is, without a doubt, extremely controversial. Indeed, while the potential benefits of the new biological techniques in food production may be exciting in the short term, the truth of the matter is that the long term effects on biodiversity, people’s health and the wider ecosystem are rather obscure. More fundamentally, questions linger on who in particular stands to benefit from this technology; is it the wealthy in search of more wealth or the people in need? Advocates have pointed to the potential benefits that include the elimination of pesticides in crop production, the development of disease/cold/drought resistant crops, elimination of malnutrition due to over-reliance on certain crops [rice], as well as a cost-effective way of vaccines produced in grown crops (Whitman par 5-10). Nonetheless, non-conclusive reports suggest that GM crops may actually transfer the modified genes to no n-target species [weeds], and thus reduce the foregoing effectiveness. There are also mounting fears of unexpected allergic reactions by consumers in addition to unknown health consequences (Whitman par 16-18). Though highly debatable currently, a research conducted on the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, grown by small-scale farmers in Asia and other developing nations, indicates that the plant has extensive environmental has rm than the original pest control intention (Losey, Rayor and Carter 214). This debate is just but a sideshow away from the real looming crisis-global warming and impending dire consequences. The benefits notwithstanding, the money-profit perspective may the real driver into the GM foods and not food security. Part B 3. What does the acronym HIPPO describe? What does each letter stand for?  

Cutting Fluids and Lubrication in Manufacturing

Cutting Fluids and Lubrication in Manufacturing Importance Of Cutting Fluids And Lubrication In Manufacturing Processes 1. Introduction:- Cutting Fluids:- Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations iii Cutting fluids have been used extensively in metal cutting operations for the last 200 years. In the beginning, cutting fluids consisted of simple oils applied with brushes to lubricate and cool the machine tool. Occasionally, lard, animal fat or whale oil was added to improve the oils lubricity. As cutting operations became more severe, cutting fluid formulations became more complex. Todays cutting fluids are special blends of chemical additives, lubricants and water formulated to meet the performance demands of the metalworking industry. There are now several types of cutting fluids on the market, the most common of which can be broadly categorized as cutting oils or water-miscible fluids. Water-miscible fluids, including soluble oils, synthetics and semisynthetics, are now used in approximately 80 to 90 percent of all applications. Although straight cutting oils are less popular than they were in the past, they are still the fluid of choice for certain metalworking applications. Cutting fluids play a significant role in machining operations and impact shop productivity, tool life and quality of work. With time and use, fluids degrade in quality and eventually require disposal once their efficiency is lost. Waste management and disposal have become increasingly more complex and expensive. Environmental liability is also a major concern with waste disposal. Many companies are now paying for environmental cleanups or have been fined by regulatory agencies as the result of poor waste disposal practices. Fortunately, cutting fluid life may be extended significantly by implementing an effective fluid management program. The primary objective of fluid management is to maintain fluid quality and performance through administration, monitoring, maintenance and recycling practices. This allows machine shops to make the most cost-effective use of their fluid. It is also the best pollution prevention technology available. Overall, fluid management provides a means to: Operate in a more environmentally sound manner; Improve productivity and reduce costs; Increase competitiveness; Maintain environmental compliance and reduce environmental liability; Consistently manufacture quality products; and Provide a healthier and safer work environment for employees. Proper management of cutting and grinding fluids may also prevent them from being declared a hazardous waste at the end of their useful life. With increasing environmental regulation, a reduction in cutting fluid waste is an economical, practical and achievable goal. Cutting Fluids: (Lubricants + Coolants) Used in machining as well as abrasive machining processes Reduces friction wear Reduce forces and energy consumption Cools the cutting zone Wash away the chips Protect Machined surfaces from environmental corrosion  · The term â€Å"cutting fluids† is used to denote the coolants and lubricants that are used in metal machining and their allied operations like lapping, honing etc. Thin-wall milling of aluminum using a water-based cutting fluid on the milling cutter. Cutting fluids are various fluids that are used in machining to cool and lubricate the cutting tool. There are various kinds of cutting fluids, which include oils, oil-water emulsions, pastes, gels, and mists. They may be made from petroleum distillates, animal fats, plant oils, or other raw ingredients. Depending on context and on which type of cutting fluid is being considered, it may be referred to as cutting fluid, cutting oil, cutting compound, coolant, or lubricant. Every kind of machining (e.g., turning, boring, drilling, milling, broaching, grinding, sawing, shaping, planing, reaming, tapping) can potentially benefit from one kind of cutting fluid or another, depending on work piece material. (Cast iron and brass are usually machined dry. Interrupted cuts such as milling with carbide cutters are usually recommended to be used dry due to damage to the cutters caused by thermo shock). 2. Cutting Fluid Characteristics Functions Of Cutting Fluid The primary function of cutting fluid is temperature control through cooling and lubrication. Application of cutting fluid also improves the quality of the workpiece by continually removing metal fines and cuttings from the tool and cutting zone. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 2 Temperature Control Laboratory tests have shown that heat produced during machining has a definite bearing on tool wear. Reducing cutting-tool temperature is important since a small reduction in temperature will greatly extend cutting tool life. As cutting fluid is applied during machining operations, it removes heat by carrying it away from the cutting tool/workpiece interface . This cooling effect prevents tools from exceeding their critical temperature range beyond which the tool softens and wears rapidly . Fluids also lubricate the cutting tool or work piece interface, minimizing the amount of heat generated by friction. A fluids cooling and lubrication properties are critical in decreasing tool wear and extending tool life. Cooling and lubrication are also important in achieving the desired size, finish and shape of the work piece. No one particular fluid has cooling and lubrication properties suitable for every metalworking application. Straight oils provide the best lubrication but poor cooling capacities. Water, on the other hand, is an effective cooling agent, removing heat 2.5 times more rapidly than oil. Alone, water is a very poor lubricant and causes rusting. Soluble oils or chemicals that improve lubrication, prevent corrosion and provide Other essential qualities must be added in order to transform water into a good metalworking fluid. Removal Of Cuttings And Particulates A secondary function of metalworking fluid is to remove chips and metal fines from the tool/workpiece interface. To prevent a finished surface from becoming marred, cutting chips generated during machining operations must be continually flushed away from the cutting zone. Application of cutting fluid also reduces the occurrence of built-up edge (BUE). BUE refers to metal particulates which adhere to the edge of a tool during machining of some metals. BUE formation causes increased friction and alters the geometry of the machine tool. This, in turn, affects workpiece quality, often resulting in a poor surface finish and inconsistencies in work piece size. Metalworking fluids decrease the occurrence of BUE by providing a chemical interface between the machine tool and work piece. Cutting Fluid Properties In addition to providing a good machining environment, a cutting fluid should also function safely and effectively during machining operations. Corrosion Protection Cutting fluids must offer some degree of corrosion protection. Freshly cut ferrous metals tend to rust Rapidly since any protective coatings have been removed by the machining operation. A good Metalworking fluid will inhibit rust formation to avoid damage to machine parts and the work piece. It will also impart a protective film on cutting chips to prevent their corrosion and the formation of Difficult-to-manage chunks or clinkers. To inhibit corrosion, a fluid must prevent metal, moisture and oxygen from coming together. Chemical metalworking fluids now contain additives which prevent corrosion through formation of invisible, nonporous films. Compounds (such as amines and fatty acids) which form a protective coating on a metals surface, blocking chemical reactions. Passivating films are formed by inorganic compounds containing oxygen (such as borates, phosphates and silicates). These compounds react with the metal surface, producing a coating that inhibits corrosion. Management for Small 3 Cutting Fluid Stability/Rancidity Control In the early days of the industrial revolution, lard oil was used as a cutting fluid. After a few days, lard oil would start to spoil and give off an offensive odor. This rancidity was caused by bacteria and other microscopic organisms that grew and multiplied within the oil. Modern metalworking fluids are susceptible to the same problem. No matter how good the engineering qualities of a coolant, if it develops an offensive odour, it can cause problems for management. The toxicity of a fluid may also increase dramatically if it becomes rancid due to chemical decomposition, possibly causing the fluid to become a hazardous waste. Fluid rancidity shortens fluid life and may lead to increased costs and regulatory burdens associated with fluid disposal. A good cutting fluid resists decomposition during its storage and use. Most cutting fluids are now formulated with bactericides and other additives to control microbial growth, enhance fluid performance and improve fluid stability. Transparency And Viscosity In some operations, fluid transparency or clarity may be a desired characteristic for a cutting fluid. Transparent fluids allow operators to see the workpiece more clearly during machining operations. Viscosity is an important property with respect to fluid performance and maintenance. Lower viscosity fluids allow grit and dirt to settle out of suspension. Removal of these contaminants improves the quality of the fluid recirculating through the machining system. This can impact product quality, fluid life and machine shop productivity. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 4 3. Fluid Selection Oil-Based Fluids including straight oils, soluble oils and ag-based oils Chemical Fluids including synthetics and semisynthetics Fluids vary in suitability for metalworking operations. Petroleum-based cutting oils are frequently used for drilling and tapping operations due to their excellent lubricity while water-miscible fluids provide the cooling properties required for most turning and grinding operations. A. Oil-Based Cutting Fluids Straight Oils (100% Petroleum Oil) Straight oils, so called because they do not contain water, are basically petroleum, mineral, or age-based oils. They may have additives designed to improve specific properties. Generally additives are not required for the easiest tasks such as light-duty machining of ferrous and nonferrous metals. For more severe applications, straight oils may contain wetting agents (typically up to 20% fatty oils) These additives improve the oils wettability; that is, the ability of the oil to coat the cutting tool, workpiece and metal fines. They also enhance lubrication, improve the oils ability to handle large amounts of metal fines, and help guard against microscopic welding in heavy duty machining. For extreme conditions, additives (primarily with chlorine and sulfurized fatty oils) may exceed 20%. These additives strongly enhance the Antiwelding properties of the product. Soluble Oils (60-90% Petroleum Oil) Soluble oils (also referred to as emulsions, emulsifiable oils or water-soluble oils) are generally comprised of 60-90 percent petroleum or mineral oil, emulsifiers and other additives. A concentrate is mixed with water to form the metalworking fluid. When mixed, emulsifiers (a soap-like material) cause the oil to disperse in water forming a stable â€Å"oil-in-water† emulsion . They also cause the oils to cling to the workpiece during machining. Emulsifier particles refract light, giving the fluid a milky, Opaque appearance. ADVANTAGES. Soluble oils offer improved cooling capabilities and good lubrication due to the blending of oil and water. They also tend to leave a protective oil film on moving components of machine tools and resist emulsification of greases and slideway oils. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 6 Soluble oils are a general purpose product suitable for light and medium duty operations involving a variety of ferrous and nonferrous applications. Although they do not match the lubricity offered by straight oils, wetting agents and EP additives (such as chlorine, phosphorus or sulfur compounds) can extend their machining application range to include heavy-duty operations. Most cutting operations handled by straight oils (such as broaching, trepanning, and tapping) may be accomplished using heavy-duty soluble oils. B. Chemical Cutting Fluids Chemical cutting fluids, called synthetic or semisynthetic fluids, have been widely accepted since they were first introduced in about 1945. They are stable, preformed emulsions which contain very little oil and mix easily with water. Chemical cutting fluids rely on chemical agents for lubrication and friction reduction. These additives also improve wettability These compounds react with freshly-machined metal to form chemical layers which act as a solid lubricant and guard against welding during heavy-duty machining operations. Fluids containing EP lubricants significantly Reduce the heat generated during cutting and grinding operations. Synthetics (0% Petroleum Oil) Synthetic fluids contain no petroleum or mineral oil. They were introduced in the late 1950s and generally consist of chemical lubricants and rust inhibitors dissolved in water. Like soluble oils, synthetics are provided as a concentrate which is mixed with water to form the metalworking fluid. These fluids are designed for high cooling capacity, lubricity, corrosion prevention, and easy maintenance. Due to their higher cooling capacity, synthetics tend to be preferred for high-heat, high-velocity turning operations such as surface grinding. They are also desirable when clarity or low foam characteristics are required. Heavy-duty synthetics, introduced during the last few years, are now capable of handling most machining operations. Synthetic fluids can be further classified as simple, complex or emulsifiable synthetics based on their composition. Simple synthetic concentrates (also referred to as true solutions) are primarily used for light duty grinding operations. Complex synthetics contain synthetic lubricants and may be used for moderate to heavy duty machining operations. Machining may also be performed at higher speeds .inning Operations Synthetics are easily separated from the workpiece and chips, allowing for easy cleaning and handling of these materials. In addition, since the amount of fluid clinging to the workpiece and chips is reduced Disadvantages. Synthetic fluids are easily contaminated by other machine fluids such as lubricating oils and need to be monitored and maintained to be used effectively. Semisynthetics (2-30% Petroleum Oil) As the name implies, semisynthetics (also referred to as semi-chemical fluids) are essentially a hybrid of soluble oils and synthetics. They contain small dispersions of mineral oil, typically 2 to 30 percent, in a water-dilutable concentrate . The remaining portion of a semi-synthetic concentrate Semisynthetics are often referred to as chemical emulsions or preformed chemical emulsions since the concentrate already contains water and the emulsification of oil and water occurs during its production. Most semisynthetics are also heat sensitive. Oil molecules in semisynthetics tend to gather around the cutting tool and provide more lubricity. As the solution cools, the molecules redisperse. 4. Mechanisms Of Actions Cooling:- Metal cutting operations involve generation of heat due to friction between the tool and the pieces and due to energy lost deforming the material. The surrounding air alone is a rather poor coolant for the cutting tool, because the rate of heat transfer is low. Ambient-air cooling is adequate for light cuts with periods of rest in between, such as are typical in maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) work or hobbyist contexts. However, for heavy cuts and constant use, such as in production work, more heat is produced per time period than ambient-air cooling can remove. It is not acceptable to introduce long idle periods into the cycle time to allow the air-cooling of the tool to catch up when the heat-removal can instead be accomplished with a flood of liquid, which can keep up with the heat generation. Lubrication At The Tool-Chip Interface:- Besides cooling, cutting fluids also aid the cutting process by lubricating the interface between the tools cutting edge and the chip. By preventing friction at this interface, some of the heat generation is prevented. This lubrication also helps prevent the chip from being welded onto the tool, which interferes with subsequent cutting.  · Delivery Methods:- Every conceivable method of applying cutting fluid (e.g., flooding, spraying, dripping, misting, brushing) can be used, with the best choice depending on the application and the equipment available. For many metal cutting applications the ideal would be high-pressure, high-volume pumping to force a stream of fluid directly into the tool-chip interface, with walls around the machine to contain the splatter and a sump to catch, filter, and recirculate the fluid. This type of system is commonly employed, especially in manufacturing. It is often not a practical option for MRO or hobbyist metalcutting, where smaller, simpler machine tools are used. Active Cutting Oils:- Highly colourised mineral oil Normally black in colour with a pungent smell Oils at above discussed point, diluted with low viscosity mineral oil Lighter in colour. Light transparent mineral oil carrying sulphur or chlorine Light in colour and suitable for even severe cutting conditions. Light transparent mineral oil carrying sulphur or chlorine mixed with sulfurised and chlorinated or fatty oils or acids They find a common application. Inactive Cutting Oils:- The Inactive cutting oils are the straight mineral oils or straight mineral oils mixed with neat fatty oils, acids or sulfurised fatty oils. Among the fatty oils commonly used are lard oil, tallow and some fatty acids. Pastes Or Gels:- Cutting fluid may also take the form of a paste or gel when used for some applications, in particular hand operations such as drilling and tapping. Mists:- Some cutting fluids are used in mist (aerosol) form, although breathing such a lubricant in mist form is a severe and immediate health hazard. Present:- Kerosene, rubbing alcohol, and 3-In-One Oil often give good results when working on aluminium. Lard is suitable for general machining and also press tool work. Mineral oil WD-40 Dielectric fluid is the cutting fluid used in Electrical discharge machines (EDMs). It is usually deionised water or a high-flash-point kerosene. Intense heat is generated by the cutting action of the electrode (or wire) and the fluid is used to stabilise the temperature of the work piece, along with flushing any eroded particles from the immediate work area. The dielectric fluid is nonconductive. Liquid- (water- or petroleum oil-) cooled water tables are used with the plasma arc cutting (PAC) process. Past:- In 19th-century machining practice, it was not uncommon to use plain water. This was simply a practical expedient to keep the cutter cool, regardless of whether it provided any lubrication at the cutting edge-chip interface. When one considers that high-speed steel (HSS) had not been developed yet, the need to cool the tool becomes all the more apparent. (HSS retains its hardness at high temperatures; other carbon tool steels do not.) An improvement was soda water, which better inhibited the rusting of machine slides. These options are generally not used today because better options are available. Lard was very popular in the past. It is used infrequently today, because of the wide variety of other options, but it is still an option. Old machine shop training texts speak of using red lead and white lead, often mixed into lard or lard oil. This practice is obsolete. Lead is a health hazard, and excellent non-lead-containing options are available. From the mid-20th century to the 1990s, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane was used as an additive to make some cutting fluids more effective. 5. Enviornmental Impact:- Old, used cutting fluid must be disposed of when it is fetid or when it is chemically degraded and has lost its performance. As with used motor oil or other wastes, its impact on the environment should be mitigated. Legislation and regulation specify how this mitigation should be achieved. Enforcement is the most challenging aspect. Modern cutting fluid disposal may involve techniques such as ultra filtration using polymeric or ceramic membranes which concentrates the suspended and emulsified oil phase. 6. Coolants:- A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that use or dissipate it. An ideal coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, and chemically inert, neither causing nor promoting corrosion of the cooling system. Some applications also require the coolant to be an electrical insulator. While the term coolant is commonly used in automotive, residential and commercial temperature-control applications, in industrial processing, heat transfer fluid is one technical term more often used, in high temperature as well as low temperature manufacturing applications. The coolant can either keep its phase and stay liquid or gaseous, or can undergo a phase change, with the latent heat adding to the cooling efficiency. The latter, when used to achieve low temperatures, is more commonly known as refrigerant. 1) Gases:- Air is a common form of a coolant. Air cooling uses either convective airflow (passive cooling), or a forced circulation using fans. Hydrogen, the first hydrogen-cooled turbo generator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power Light Co, because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas this is the most common type in its field today. Inert gases are frequently used as coolants in gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Helium is the most favored coolant due to its low tendency to absorb neutrons and become radioactive. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are frequently used as well. Sulfur hexafluoride is used for cooling and insulating of some high-voltage power systems (circuit breakers, switches, some transformers, etc.). Steam can be used where high specific heat capacity is required in gaseous form and the corrosive properties of hot water are accounted for. 2) Liquids:- The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and low cost makes it a suitable heat-transfer medium. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreezes. Antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic chemical (most often ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or propylene glycol) in water, is used when the water-based coolant has to withstand temperatures below 0  °C, or when its boiling point has to be raised. Butane is a similar coolant, with the exception that it is made from pure plant juice, and is therefore not toxic or difficult to dispose of ecologically. Very pure deionised water, due to its relatively low electrical conductivity, is used to cool some electrical equipment, often high-power transmitters. Heavy water is used in some nuclear reactors; it also serves as a neutron moderator. Cutting fluid is a coolant that also serves as a lubricant for metal-shaping machine tools. EX:-. Some fast breeder nuclear reactors. Sodium or sodium-potassium alloy NaK are frequently used; in special cases lithium can be employed. Another liquid metal used as a coolant is lead, in EX:- lead cooled fast reactors, or a lead-bismuth alloy. Some early fast neutron reactors used mercury. 7. Lubrication Lubricant:- A lubricant (sometimes referred to as lube) is a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction between them, improving efficiency and reducing wear. They may also have the function of dissolving or transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat. One of the single largest applications for lubricants, in the form of motor oil, is to protect the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment. Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefin, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc. Lubricants such as 2-cycle oil are also added to some fuels. Sulfur impurities in fuels also provide some lubrication properties, which have to be taken in account when switching to a low-sulfur diesel; biodiesel is a popular diesel fuel additive providing additional lubricity. Non-liquid lubricants include grease, powders (dry graphite, PTFE, Molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, etc.), teflon tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350  °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature. Purpose:- Lubricants perform the following key functions:- 1) Keep moving parts apart 2) Reduce friction 3) Transfer heat 4) Carry away contaminants debris 5) Transmit power 6) Protect against wear 7) Prevent corrosion 8) Seal for gasses 9) Stop the risk of smoke and fire of objects General Composition:- Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil and a minority of additives to impart desirable characteristics. Types Of Lubricants:- 1) Gas 2) Liquid including emulsions and suspensions e, natural water repellant) Water Mineral oils Vegetable (natural oil) Synthetic oils Other liquids 3) Solid 4) Greases 5) Adhesive 8. Use And Application Of Cutting Fluids:- Automotive Engine oils Petrol (Gasoline) engine oils Diesel engine oils Automatic transmission fluid Gearbox fluids Brake fluids Hydraulic fluids Tractor (one lubricant for all systems) Universal Tractor Transmission Oil UTTO Super Tractor Oil Universal STOU includes engine Other motors 2-stroke engine oils Industrial Hydraulic oils Air compressor oils Gas Compressor oils Gear oils Bearing and circulating system oils Refrigerator compressor oils Steam and gas turbine oils Aviation Gas turbine engine oils Piston engine oils Marine Crosshead cylinder oils Crosshead Crankcase oils Trunk piston engine oils 9. Components Of Fluid Management Program Administration:- Commit the personnel, equipment and other resources necessary for the program. Encourage employee support and participation. Designate fluid management personnel to implement the program. Survey the fluids, machines and sump capacities of the shop. Develop a record keeping system to track the program. Monitoring And Maintenance Prepare and mix the fluid according to manufacturers directions. Use quality water to dilute fluid concentrate and replenish evaporation losses. Monitor and maintain proper fluid concentration. Monitor for microbial contamination and control microbial growth through water quality control, maintaining proper fluid concentration and pH, routine maintenance of equipment, biocide additions and aeration. Monitor pH for signs of fluid degradation. Perform regular machining system inspections and maintenance practices, particulate removal, tramp oil control, general housekeeping and annual cleanouts. Prevent foaming with proper fluid concentration, quality water and eliminating mechanical effects that agitate cutting fluid. Recycle fluid well before it becomes significantly degraded. Never attempt to recycle rancid fluid. Select fluid recycling equipment based on the needs, objectives and financial resources of the shop. 10. Chemical Treatment:- Chemical treatment is the addition of chemicals which change the nature of the liquid waste. Simple chemical-treatment methods work well on some wastewater. Metalworking wastes are too complex for most treatment processes. Chemical treatment beyond pH control is generally not an option for small facilities. 11. Ultra Filtration System:- Ultra filtration systems were created for the metalworking industry to treat such wastes as used cutting fluids, detergents, parts-washing solutions, and other oily wastewaters. Strict environmental laws require proper treatment prior to discharge. Ultrafiltration systems provide effective treatment of this wastewater by separating the water from the oily waste. The quality of water is then ready for sewer disposal. <

The Radio: Past and Present :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Radio: Past and Present â€Å"He shoots!!! He scores!!!† these are famous words that Foster Hewitt made famous broadcasting a hockey game on the radio (â€Å"The Early Years†). It was words like these that the public became used to because there was no television. The radio served as the first medium to hear things live as they happened. This gave sport fans the opportunity to sit down and tune into a game anytime they like. The radio started off big and then took a dramatic fall due to the introduction of the television. However, radio found new ways to attract the public. Radio broadcasting was introduced to the public in the early 1920s (Potter 226). There was only one type of broadcast protocol in the 1920’s and 30’s being AM radio(The Early Years). In 1921 there were only five AM radio stations, and only about 1% of all households in this country had a receiver (Potter 226). A receiver was basically another name for a radio because at this time radios were very expensive and there were not enough radio stations to make the system work. However, in 1923 there were over 500 stations to pop up which in turn led to increased sales of receivers to the general public (Potter 226). With the popping up of more radio stations the more receivers were being bought which meant that many people in the public were tuning into these various radio stations for information and entertainment. Radio was on the rise and it seemed that there was nothing slowing it down. Radio was at the top of its game during the 1930’s and 1940’s (Potter 226). In 1930 50% of all households had at least one radio, and by 1947 this had increased to 93% (Potter 226). Bye 1936, there was an average of one receiver per household, and in ten years, this had doubled (Potter 226). Sports fans loved the radio because not only could they hear live broadcast but if they missed the game they could get stats all day long. There was only one catch to sports fans listening to games on the radio. Some radio stations did not have enough money to broadcast the games live so they would have a telegraph operator transmit information back to the studio where sounds such as crowd noise, the crack of the bat, and other sounds of that nature were being generated while the game was being played elsewhere (â€Å"Going, Going, Gone!)).

Principles and Practices of Management Essay

Planning is the determination of the course of the objectives of a business, division or department to achieve maximum profit effectiveness, the establishment of policies and the continuous seeking and finding of new ways to do things. Implementing applies to the doing phases. After plans have been prepared, personnel must be selected and assigned their jobs; they must be trained and motivated to perform properly. Activities must be implemented in terms of the plans initially developed. This may include I. Selecting personnel II. Training personnel III. Motivating personnel IV. Delegation, V. Direction VI. Coordinating. Controlling refers to the evaluation of the performance of those who are responsible for executing the plans agreed upon. This may include: I. Controlling adherence to plans, and II. Appraising performance 2. Principles of Management Fayol has given fourteen principles of management. These principles are as fallows 1. Division of work: Fayol has advocated division of work to take the advantage of specialization. According to him, ‘specialization belongs to the natural order. The worker always works on the same matters, the manager concerned always with the same matters; acquire an ability, sureness, and accuracy, which increase their output’. Each change of work brings in it training and adaptation, which reduces output. Thus, division of work can be applied at all levels in the organization. However, he has recognized the limitations of division of work and has advocated that experience and sense of proportion will decide the extent to which division of work can be utilized fruitfully. 2. Authority and Responsibility: The authority and responsibility are related, with the latter the corollary of the former and arising from the former. He finds authority as a continuation of official and personnel factors. Official authority is derived from the manager’s position and personal authority is derived from intelligence, experience, moral worth, past services, etc. Responsibility arises out of assigning the work. 3. Discipline: All the personnel serving in the organization should be disciplined. Discipline is obedience, application, energy, behavior, and outward mark of respect shown by employees. Discipline can be classified into two types: self-imposed discipline and command discipline. The former springs form within the individual and are in the nature of spontaneous response to a skillful leader. Command discipline stems from a recognized authority and utilizes deterrents to secure compliance with a desired action, which is expressed by established customs, rules, and regulations. The ultimate strength of command discipline lies in its certainty of application. 4. Unity of command: Unity of command means a person in the organization should receive orders from only one superior. The more completely an individual has a reporting relationship to a single superior, the less the problem of conflict in instructions and the greater the feeling of personal responsibility for results. The principle of unity of command Is useful in the clarification of authority-responsibility relationship. 5. Unity of Direction Unity of direction means ‘one unit and one plan’. According to this principle, each group of activities with same objectives with same objective must have one head and one plan. The unity of direction is different from unity of command in the sense that former is concerned with the functioning of body corporate; the latter is concerned with personnel at all level. Unity of direction is provided for by sound organization of the body corporate, unity of command turn on the functioning of the personnel. Unity of command exists without unity of direction, but does not flow from it. 6. Subordination of individual to general interest: Command interest is above the individual interest and when there is conflict between these two, the common interest must prevail. However, factors like ambition, laziness, weakness etc. tend to reduce the importance of general interest. 7. Remuneration of Personnel: Remuneration and methods of payment should be fair and provide maximum possible satisfaction to employees and employers. 8. Centralization: Everything, which goes to increase the importance of the subordinate’s role, is decentralization; everything, which goes to reduce it, is centralization. Without using the term ‘centralization of authority’. This pattern is determined by individual circumstances and should be based on optimum utilization of all faculties of the personnel. 9. Scalar Chain: There should be a scalar chain of authority and communication ranging from the highest to lowest positions. It suggests that each communication going up or coming down must flow through each position in the line of authority. It can be short-circuited only in special circumstances when its rigid following would be determined to the organization. For this purpose, Fayol has suggested ‘gang palnk’ , which is used to prevent the scalar chain from bogging down action. 10. Order: Both material order and social order are necessary. The former minimizes lost time and useless handling of materials. The latter is achieved through organization and selection. 11. Equity: In running a business a combination of kindliness and justice is needed. Treating employees well is important to achieve equity. 12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Employees work better if job security and career progress are assured to them. An insecure tenure and a high rate of employee turnover will affect the organization adversely. 13. Initiative: Allowing all personnel to show their initiative in some way is a source of strength for the organization. Even though it may well involve a sacrifice of personnel vanity on the part of many managers. 14. Espirt de Corps: Management must foster the morale of its employees. â€Å"Real talent is needed the coordinate effort, encourage keenness, use each person’s abilities and reward each one’s merit without arousing possible jealousness and disturbing harmonious relations†. Techniques of Effective Coordination The basic objective of all managerial functions is to get things done by coordinated efforts of others. Thus, every function leads to coordination. However, following are the specific techniques for achieving coordination: Coordination by Chain of Command: In an organization, the chain of command is the most important methods of coordination. Superior, because of his organizational position, has the authority to issue orders and instructions to his subordinates. Weber has indicated that in a controlled administration coordination is achieved. Coordination by Leadership: Leadership brings individual motivation and persuades the group to have identified of interests and outlook in group efforts. Ordway Tead has stated that top management should practice leadership because without it, no coordination can be achieved. In fact, whatever is necessary for effective leadership is also required for coordination. Coordination by Effective Communication: Communication helps to developing understanding between individuals or groups among whom coordination is to be achieved. Through communication, every person understands his scope and limits of functioning, authority and responsibility, and relationship with others. Thus, effective communication provides horizontal as well as vertical coordination if there is free and adequate flow of communication in all directions.-horizontal, vertical, upward and downward. Communication to be effective does not require only a communication network but to keep the network free from any barrier, which effects flow of messages adversely. Coordination by Committees: Committees are the body of persons entrusted with discharging some functions collectively as group. Some committees have the authority to take decisions and others make recommendations only. The decisions of the committees are group decisions and the persons whose departments are affected by decisions generally constitute the committees. Thus the decisions themselves provide coordination among various functions of the organization. Coordination by General Staff: Generally, in big organizations there is general staff meant for  coordination. This staff employs a central position in communication network. All the heads of departments and sections send the various information to this center. This center stores the information and sends to various departments’ only relevant and related information. This center, because of its specialized knowledge, is able to assess the relevance and need of various information for a department. Thus, the coordination is achieved by supplying inter-departmental information. Special Coordinators: In some organizations, special coordinators are appointed for coordinating some special activities. For example, in a particular project, along with various functionaries, a project coordinator is appointed. His basic function is to coordinate various activities of the project and to keep information about the development of project so that he can provide it to the party concerned for which the project Is being completed. Such projects are generally taken on contract basis which are to be completed within the specified time. Self-coordination: This principles states that a particular department affects other departments and in turn is affected by them. However, this department has no control over others. In such a case, if other departments modify their actions in such a way that this affects the particular department favorably, self-coordination is achieved. This requires effective communication across the department so that they are able to appreciate the functioning of related departments. However, this method is not free from limitations and shortcomings, and in the organization, favorable climate and environment need to be created for self-control. Features of an Open Door Organization 1) An open door organization is task oriented. The accountability is clearly defined. 2) The authority (within the related functional area) is also absolute (or nearly so) matching the absolute character of the accountability. 3) Consultations are minimum and are not compulsive; the executive is free to consult and communicate (or otherwise) so long as he performs and delivers the objective. 4) Rules and procedures exist but only as guides-the executives (within their sphere of responsibilities)  having wide freedom of discretion to depart from the rules within the periphery of the broad corporate policies. 5) The accountability is clear-cut; objective is verifiable – in terms of cost, output target, time and profit. The means are (relatively) unimportant so long as the end is achieved. 6) The managerial behavior is highly flexible bending with lithe suppleness to the internal shifts in conditions and external maneuvers of the environmental zone of contract.

Religious Sensitivities Between Religion And Art Beckons...

Religious Sensitivities And Art Savannah Lewis Many artists have broken old traditions by allowing a shroud of their faith and many others have not needed or intended to do so. The clash between religion and art beckons controversy and the wrath of family and community. Despite the sensitivities, ideas, or faiths of any given group or person, religion should not create taboo stipulations on any type of art. [1a] The word taboo â€Å"On the one hand it means to us sacred, consecrated: but on the other hand it means, uncanny, dangerous, forbidden, and unclean.†[1b] The question is where is the line drawn that separates what artwork can and can’t be show without upsetting the public? â€Å"The taboo restrictions are different from religious or†¦show more content†¦It was a part of the exhibit â€Å"Beware, Religion!† that opened at the Andrei Sakharov Museum in Moscow. This is one of 4 renderings, two digital prints and 2 acrylic on canvas paintings. This digital print mixes the modern pop art logo of Coca-Cola with an image of Jesus. It is one of the modern poster children for a stand against consumerism. The controversy jams the gears because of the fact that it is ‘taboo’, meshing a religious icon with a logo that isn’t habitually associated with religion immediately turns into something perceived as disrespectful. Another example of controversial art is Piss Christ by Andres Serrano. It is a photo of a crucifix submerged in Serrano’s urine. Protesters stated that in this work Serrano had desecrated something sacred by not showing appropriate respect for Christ. But with so many different religions and denominations how can one pinpoint what is and what isn’t the appropriate respect for Christ? Further dissection of this piece might lead one to believe it lacked respect for the Christian faith. A final example of controversial art is Yo Mama’s Last Supper by Renà ©e Cox; this 5 (31† x 31†) panel photo shows Cox nude posed as Jesus, from Leonardo Da Vinci’s Last Supper, surrounded by 12 fully-clothed male disciples, all of them Black with the exception of Judas, who was white. This was obviously very controversial due to the fact that there’s